Pansit Pansitan Research

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Early liquid hand soaps were made primarily for hospitals, restaurants and public facilities where regular hand washing was required. The original soaps were thicker and required a particular type of pump dispenser to deliver the product. The dispensers were expensive in spite of the fact that they clogged easily and were in constant need of repair or replacement. This combination of problems kept liquid soaps out of the household for many years.Eventually, consumer demand for a home version of liquid soap could not be ignored, nor could the additional qualities the customer wanted from the soap be overlooked. Some wanted soap that would soften hands. Some wanted one that soothed irritated skin. Others wanted the antibacterial qualities found in medical versions. This opened the floodgates for the wide variety of liquid hand soap products found in the marketplace today. Pansit- pansitan (Peperomia pellucida) is a herbal medicine also kno wn as Ulasiman- bato, olasiman- ihalas & tangon-tangon in the Philippines.Pansit- pansitan can be found wild on lightly shaded and damp areas such as nooks, walls, yards and even roofs. Pansit- pansitan has heart shaped leaves, succulent stems with tiny flowers on a spike. There has been a study that the mothanolic extract of the plant has anti microbial properties. The extract from Pansit- pansitan (Peperomia pellucida), the compound showed significant antibacterial activity against 3 Gram- negatice bacteria (E coli, Staphylococcus aureus, S thyphi. )The researchers expect that the hand soap, using Pansit- pansitan extract as an active ingredient, will be more efficient and less expensive than the commercial hand soaps. Statement of the Problem 1. Can Pansit- pansitan liquid hand soap be as good as the commercial liquid hand soap in terms of: 2. 1 total mean zone of inhibition? 2. 2 reactivity rating? 2. 3 inhibitory activity rating? 2. Is there a significant difference between Pansit-pansitan liquid hand soap and commercial liquid hand soap in terms of total mean zone of inhibition? . Is there a significant difference between the Pansit-pansitan liquid hand soap and commercial liquid hand soap in terms of reactivity rating? 4. Is there a significant difference between the Pansit-pansitan liquid hand soap and commercial liquid hand soap in terms of inhibitory activity? Hypotheses 1. Pansit- pansitan liquid hand soap cannot be as good as the commercial liquid hand soap in terms of: 1. 1 total mean zone of inhibition? 1. 2 reactivity rating? 1. 3 inhibitory activity rating? 2.There is no significant difference between the Pansit-pansitan liquid hand soap and commercial liquid hand soap in terms of total mean zone of inhibition. 3. There is no significant difference between the Pansit-pansitan liquid hand soap and commercial liquid hand soap in terms of reactivity. 4. There is no significant difference between the Pansit-pansitan liquid hand soap and commerc ial liquid hand soap in terms of inhibitory activity. Significance of the Study Hand is prone in bacteria and can be a vector in transmitting various pathogens that cause diseases.If the Pansit- pansitan hand soap will be effective in reducing bacteria then this can benefit different people in many ways. One example are the manufacturers of liquid hand soap. Instead of using chemicals which are harmful and hard to find, the manufacturer may have to use Pansit- pansitan extract as an additive ingredient for hand soap. The results of the study can be a reference for future researchers. Scope and Delimitations This study primarily focuses on the use of Pansit-pansitan liquid hand soap as an alternative in commercial liquid hand soap.The other components of making the liquid hand soap including triethanolamine gel solution, fragrance oil, polykleer, will be bought at Swiss Fragrance, located at Blk 2 Plot 1 April Extention Congressional Avenue, Quezon City. The researchers will be using 4 set-ups. The first 3 set-ups will be the experimental set-ups. They will be Set-ups A, B and C. Set-up A will contain 12. 5 mL of pansit- pansitan extract, 2. 5 mL of triethanolamine, 3. 75 mL of gel solution, 1. 25 mL of fragrance oil, 3. 75 mL of polykleer and 1. 25 mL of water. Set-up B will contain 18. 75 mL of pansit- pansitan extract, 1. 5 mL of triethanolamine, 1. 90 mL of gel solution, 0. 60 mL of fragrance oil, 1. 90 mL of polykleer and 0. 60 mL of water. Set-up C will contain 6. 50 mL of pansit- pansitan extract, 3. 75 mL of triethanolamine, 5. 60mL of gel solution, 1. 90 mL of fragrance oil, 5. 60 mL of polykleer, 1. 90 mL of water, Set- up D will be the commercial liquid hand soap which will be the control group. Only the anti-bacterial property of the Pansit-pansitan hand soap in terms of Total Mean Zone of Inhibition, Reactivity Rating and Inhibitory Activity Rating will be determined.To do this, all the samples will be submitted to the Department of Science and Tec hnology-Taguig (DOST-Taguig) for laboratory analysis. To analyze the results, they will be subjected to t-test. This will identify if there is a significant difference among the set-ups. Definition of Terms 1. Inhibitory Activity- the ability of a substance to resist the penetration of microorganisms such as bacteria. 2. Reactivity Rating- It specifies the rate at which the liquid hand soap reacts with the staphylococcus aureus. 3. Total Mean Zone of Inhibition- the region that resists the entry of microorganisms such as staphylococcus aureus.CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE Related Studies A study about Pansit –pansitan was conducted by the Department of Pharmacy, University of Bangladesh. In this study, Patuloside A (3-? -D-glucopyranosyloxy-1,5,6-trihydroxy-9H-xanthene-9-one) is a xanthone glycoside isolated from Peperomia pellucida using chromatographic techniques (TLC, PTLC, GC) and the structure was confirmed on the basis of spectral data (liquid chro matography/electrospray-mass spectroscopy, 1H and 13C NMR including JMOD, COSY, NOESY, HMBC, HSQC).In vitro antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities of the compound were studied. Disc diffusion technique was used to determine in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. Cytotoxicity was determined against brine shrimp nauplii. In addition, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using serial dilution technique to find out antibacterial potency. The compound showed significant antibacterial activity against four Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus ? haemolyticus) and six Gram-negative bacteria (Escheichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonus aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi). The MIC values against these bacteria were ranged from 8 to 64  µg/mL. The compound showed weak antifungal activities against Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans. In cytotoxicity determination, LC50 of the compound against brine shrimp nauplii was 18. 24  µg/mL. (Retrieved from http://astonjournals. com/lsmr at 3:00 pm on January 21, 2012. )This study aims to check the antibacterial activity of various branded soaps against bacteria that are normally present in the environment. The proposed study includes selection of most common bacterial strains from the environment. Identification of bacterial strains was done by standard microbiological techniques, which include gram staining, biochemical testing and advanced identification by analytical profile index. Determination of minimal inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal activity of strains was performed by tube and micro titration method. Antibacterial soaps showed better MIC in comparison with beauty soaps.The most resistant bacterium to all the soaps is Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is obvious that antibacterial soaps have the antibacterial agents that can either kill or inhibit the bacterial cells. It might be possible that some bacterial strains become resistant which leads to their survival even at high concentrations of soaps. methyl red test, voges proskauer test, and nitrate reduction test following chesseborugh (Cheesbrough, 2001). For confirmation of gram negative bacteria, analytical profile index (biomereux) was performed according to manual instructions.The present study suggested that the choice of soap should be that which does not affect the facial tissues as well as effective against disease causing bacteria in a small amount. For the determination of MBC and MIC, soaps of daily use were employed Safeguard soap MBC is 250 mg/ml and its MIC was Safeguard is an antibacterial soap that has bactericidal observed at 125 mg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus. Safeguard is an antibacterial soap that has bacteric idalagents in it. For Pseudomonas aeroginosa (1) its MBC was at 500 mg/ml and MIC was at 250 mg/ml. If it is compared with the S. ureus i t clearly showed that it was killed at high concentration of soaps. The MBC of safeguard soap against strain of P. aeroginosa strain 2 was observed at 250 mg/ml and its MIC was observed at 25 mg/ml. For E. coli MBC was 125 mg/ml and its MIC was observed at 62. 5 mg/ml. Safeguard soap was used against Klebsiella pneumonia its MBC at 500 mg/ml and its MIC was observed at 250 mg/ml. The MBC of safeguard soap against this strain of Pseudomonas was observed at 250 mg/ml and its MIC was observed at 125mg/ml . If it is compared with the first strain of P. eroginosa two prominent differences were observed which showed that strain was more sensitive than the first one. Dettol soap showed MBC at 250 mg/ml and MIC was observed at 125 mg/ml against S. aureus. These values were compared to the values obtained from safeguard soap. These were almost equal to the values of safeguard. It might be estimated that the antibacterial activity of safeguard and dettol soap were almost the same against this organism. Lifebuoy red (antibacterial): This soap showed its MBC at 250 mg/ml and MIC was observed at 125 mg/ml against S. aureus.The comparison of safeguard, lifebuoy and dettol soaps revealed the equivalence of MBC and MIC values. It was also estimated that the organism might be sensitive to the antibacterial-soaps. -Lifebuoy-(Red)-is-also–an tibacterial soap, it showed its MBC against is Pseudomonas spp. At 350 mg/ml and MIC was seen at 175 mg/ml which much lower than safeguard and dettol soap. The antibacterial agents used in this soap showed more antibacterial activity in comparison with the above mentioned soaps. This soap showed its MBC at 250 mg/ml and MIC at 150mg/ml or close to it.For Escherichia coli and Klebsiella, this soap showed its MBC at 500 mg/ml and MIC was seen at 250 mg/ml which is very high concentration of the soap. These bacterial spp. showed resistance to the soap at a very low concentration and were killed at very high concentration. Staphylococcus epidermidis was killed at 175 mg/ml that is very low concentration of soap and it showed its MIC at 87. 5 mg/ml, the antibacterial agent proved to be efficient against this bacterium but this soap also killed other bacteria like Enterobacter, B. ubtilis at 350 mg/ml and there was no apparent growth observed on the nutrient agar plate. Lux is a beauty soap and was used against S. aureus to check its antibacterial activity. Lux contains Aloe vera which might have antibacterial activity. At 500 mg/ml, the Lux killed the bacterium but concentration was high as compared to the antibacterial soap. The MBC was observed at 500 mg/ml and MIC of the soap was 250 mg/ml. This revealed that Lux soap also showed antibacterial activity but not as much, than the other specific antibacterial soaps. It might also be possible that S. ureus was sensitive to the Lux soap. This soap showed its MBC at 700 mg/ml and it also showed its MIC at 350 mg/ml against Bacillus subtilis. This soap showed its MBC at 250 mg/ml and MIC at 125 mg/ml against Pseudomonas aeroginosa 1 that was almost equal to the Lifebuoy red, it might be possible that some natural ingredients such as extract of A. vera showed the antibacterial activity. The observation of Lux beauty soap revealed that these might posses’ germicidal activity. Palmolive beauty soap: It is beauty soap and was used against S. aureus.Although this was not an antibacterial soap but it showed it’s MBC at 500 mg/ml and its MIC was observed at 250 mg/ml. This showed Palmolive soap can kill bacteria. At 500 mg/ml the organism did not showed growth on the surface of the nutrient agar medium. This soap showed its MBC at 700 mg/ml and MIC was observed at 350 mg/ml against Bacillus subtilis this is equal or almost equal to the Lux beauty soap but it is very high in comparison to the Lifebuoy both red and white this might be possible that due to lack of specific antibacterial agent it did not showits MBC and MIC at low concentration. Lifebuoy white: It also showed the MBC at 350 mg/ml and MIC at 175mg/ml against B. subtilis. These values were equal or almost equal to the Lifebuoy red soap and lower than theDettol and Safeguard soap at 350 mg/ml there was complete absence of bacterial growth on the agar plates and at 175 mg/ml there was no growth. After 24 h of incubation, few colonies were observed. The MBC of soap against E. coli was observed at 125 mg/ml and MIC was 62. 5 mg/ml that is very low concentration of soap. The E. coli showed sensitivity for this antibacterial soap as it was killed at very low concentration.The antibacterial agent of Lifebuoy white soap might be efficient in killing the cells. For Pseudomonas and K. pneumoniae, the soap showed its MBC at 250 mg/ml and MIC was observed at 125 mg/ml. As this soap showed the MBC at 250 mg/ml and at this concentration no growth of the bacteria was observed. So, the soap is efficient in killing the bacterium at this concentration. For K. pneumoniae, Enter obacter spp. and B. subtilis, theMBC was seen at 350 mg/ml and MIC was observed at 175 mg/ml. Lifebuoy showed its MBC for S. epidermidis at 700 mg/ml and MIC was seen at 350 mg/ml.The organism was isolated from human skin and found Gram positive but it was killed at 750 mg/ml concentration of soap that was very high. Retreived from http://www. academicjournals. org/AJB at 3:10 pm January 21, 2012. Studies have examined the purported benefits of antibacterial soap without clear consensus about the results. Some studies have concluded that simply washing thoroughly with plain  soap  is sufficient to reduce bacteria and, further, is effective against viruses. Other studies have found that soaps containing  antimicrobial  active ingredients remove more bacteria than simply washing with plain soap and  water. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration  published reports that questions the use of antibacterial soap and  hand sanitizers  saying that it found no medical studies t hat showed a link between a specific consumer antibacterial product and a decline in infection rates. At one  conference, Dr. Stuart Levy, a  microbiologist  at  Tufts University, cites these studies to compare antibacterial action with  antibiotic resistance: â€Å"Dousing everything we touch with antibacterial soaps and taking antibiotic medications at the first sign of a cold can upset the natural balance of  microorganisms  in and around us, leaving behind only the ‘superbugs'.It has since been shown that the laboratory method used by Dr. Levy was not effective in predicting bacterial resistance for  biocides  like triclosan. [5]  At least seven  peer-reviewed  and published studies have been conducted demonstrating that triclosan is not significantly associated with bacterial resistance over the short term, including one study coauthored by Dr. Levy. Retrieved from   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Dirt on Clean: Antibacterial Soap v. Regular Soap†. CBC. ca. R etrieved 2011-03-30; ^  Lucet, JC; Rigaud MP, Mentre F, Kassis N, Deblangy C, Andremont A, Bouvet E (April 2002). Hand contamination before and after different hand hygiene techniques: a randomized clinical trial†. Journal of Hospital Infection  50  (4): 276–280. doi:10. 1053/jhin. 2002. 1202. PMID  12014900. ^  Gibson, LL; Rose JB, Haas CN, Gerba CP, Rusin PA (May 2002). Related Literature Pansit-pansitan (Peperomia pellucida Linn)  is a common fleshy shallow rooted herb that grows to about 15 to 45 cm in height in damp and lightly shaded areas. Pansit-pansitan has been used as food item as well as a medicinal herb for its analgesic, anti-arthritic, diuretic activity.The entire plant is edible both cooked or raw. Pansit-pansitan plant can grow wild but also grown as ornamental foliage. Pansit-pansitan is characterized by its shiny heart shaped leaves about 4 cm in length, growing from an erect translucent green stalks. Pansit-pansitan has tiny dot-like flow ers that grow from erect and slender green spikes that turn brown when matured. The fruits are also very small, round to oblong, ridged, first green later black. Tiny seeds drop off that grows easily in groups.Antibacterial soap  is any cleaning product to which active antibacterial ingredients have been added. These chemicals kill  bacteria  and  microbes, but are no more effective at deactivating  viruses  than any other kind of soap or detergent, and they also kill nonpathogenic bacteria. Most liquid hand and body soaps contain antibacterial chemicals. Triclosan  is a common ingredient. Since there is a great variety of bacteria, effectiveness against any given type of bacterium does not ensure that it is effective against unrelated types.These are generally only contained at preservative levels unless the product is marked antibacterial, antiseptic, or germicidal. Triclosan, Triclocarban/Trichlorocarbamide and PCMX/Chloroxylenol  are commonly used for antibacteri al and deodorant effect in consumer products. Some soaps contain  tetrasodium EDTA  which is a  chelating  agent that sequesters metals that the bacteria require in order to grow. Othermicrobes  also require metals and so it is actually an anti-microbial agent that is widely used even as a  preservative.It appears to be fairly harmless in the environment. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY Research Design The study employed the experimental/ comparative study design since its focus is on the comparison of the antibacterial property of Pansit- pansitan liquid hand soap and commercial liquid hand soap. Procedure Table 1. Set-ups and Proportion of Pansit- pansitan Extract and Other Components Group| Set-up| Pansit-pansitan extract (mL) : Other components (mL)| Experimental| A| 12. 5: 12. 5| | B| 18. 75 : 6. 25| | C| 6. 25 : 18. 75| Controlled| D| Controlled set- up|The researchers prepared 4 set-ups. Set-up A is produced by combining 12. 5 mL of pansit- pansitan extract, 2. 5 mL of tr iethanolamine, 3. 75 mL of gel solution, 1. 25 mL of fragrance oil, 3. 75 mL of polykleer and 1. 25 mL of water. Set-up B is a combination of 18. 75 mL of pansit- pansitan extract, 1. 25 mL of triethanolamine, 1. 90 mL of gel solution, 0. 60 mL of fragrance oil, 1. 90 mL of polykleer, 0. 60 mL of water, Set-up C is prepared by mixing 6. 50 mL of pansit- pansitan extract, 3. 75 mL of triethanolamine, 5. 60mL of gel solution, 1. 0 mL of fragrance oil, 5. 60 mL of polykleer, 1. 90 mL of water, Set- up D was the commercial liquid hand soap which is assign as a controlled set-up. The researchers designed the formulations which designated the specific amounts of the extract and other ingredients to be added in a certain set-up. The researchers converted the percentage to volumes. Set-up A had 50% Pansit-pansitan extract and 50% other liquid hand soap components. Set-up B had 75% is to 25% and Set-up C had 25% is to 75%. The Pansit-pansitan plant was pounded using the mortar and pestle.The pounded Pansit-pansitan plant was filtered using a piece of cloth which is sterilized first before using to get the extract. After that, the components of the liquid hand soap such as triethanolamine, gel solution, fragrance oil, and polykleer were mixed together in a beaker following the proportions found in table 1. The mixture were placed in a canister and then brought to the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Taguig for the anti-bacterial testing. The laboratory test conducted was the Disc Agar Diffusion Method using the bacterial strain of Staphylococcus aureus.Data obtained were recorded accordingly for each set-up. Statistical Treatment The statistical treatment used in this study is t- test for total mean zone of inhibition and reactivity rating and Modal measure of central tendency for the inhibitory activity. The researchers used T- test because the data collected were classified as independent samples and under the normal distribution. The t- test will provide more accurate values. Since the inhibitory rating does not have an equivalent numerical value, the researchers used the Modal measure of central tendency.The researchers did not include the f-test for the experimental set-ups because the results from the laboratory testing showed that the three parameters have the same values. Gathering of materials from Metrobank Garden and Swiss Fragrance Partition a pansit- pansitan plant and Gathering the extract Application of safety precautions and Preparing of lab gowns, hair nets, and shoe socks Formulation of compositions in different set-ups (A and B) Preparation of laboratory apparatus and chemicals needed Measuring of the chemicals according to the designated amountsCombination all the ingredients together based on the formulation given Segregation of different Set-ups into different plastics, named A and B Figure 1. Methodology and Process flow CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Table 2. Comparison of the Experimental and Control Set-up in Terms of Total Mean Zone of Inhibition Group | Set-up| Component Ratio of each Set-up| Average total mean zone of inhibition per set-up| Average total mean zone per group | Experimental| A| 50:50| 10mm| 10| | B| 75:25| 10mm| | | C| 25:75| 10mm| | Control| D| control| 11. 1mm| 11. 71| As shown in Table 2, the total mean zone of inhibition (the region that resists the entry of microorganisms such as staphylococcus aureus) of the experimental set-up A, B and C is 10 mm while in the control set-up, the total mean zone of inhibition is 11. 71. Group| Mean| Standard Deviation| t-value| Experimental| 10mm| 0| -2. 09| Control| 11. 71mm| 0| | Table 3. Summary of t-test for Total Mean Zone of Inhibition Table 3 displays the summary of t-test for total mean inhibition. Since the obtained t value of – 2. 9 is greater than the t critical value of -2. 13 at 0. 01 level, this means that the null hypothesis must be rejected. This means that there is a significant difference between the e xperimental group and the control group. Table 4. Comparison of the Experimental and Control Set-up in Terms of Reactivity Set-up| A| B| C| Average| Experimental| 2| 2| 2| 2| Control| 2| 2| 2| 2| Table 4 displays that all the set- ups including the experimental and control set- up are rated as 2 which verify that the zone of inhibition is limited under the specimen.Table 5. Summary of t-test for Reactivity Rating Group| Mean| Standard Deviation| t-value| Experimental| 2| 0| 0| Control| 2| 0| | Table 5 displays the summary of t-test for total mean inhibition. Since the obtained t value is 0, this means that the null hypothesis must be accepted. This means that there is no significant difference between the experimental group and the control group. Table 6. Comparison of the Experimental and Control Set-up in Terms of Inhibitory Activity Set-up| A| B| C| Experimental| +++| +++| +++| Control| ++| ++| ++|Table 6 prospects that the inhibitory activity rating for the experimental group is complete symbolized as (+++) and the inhibitory activity rating of the control group is partial (++). The average zone of inhibition (the region where microorganisms such as bacteria cannot penetrate within) of control set-up is 11. 71. Since the inhibitory activity (the ability of substance to avoid the penetration of microorganisms such as bacteria with respect to a specific area) is partial (symbolized as ++) this implies that the bacteria cannot penetrate within the zone of inhibition.Even though the area of inhibition of control set-up is bigger in diameter, the rating for its inhibitory activity is only partial while in the experimental group is complete even if its zone of inhibition is smaller. Furthermore, the reactivity rating 2, verifies that the zone is limited under the specimen. All interpretations were based on the guidelines given by the laboratory: Reactivity Rating: (It specifies the rate at which the liquid hand soap reacts with the staphylococcus aureus. 0- None (No detectable zone around or under specimen) – Slight (Some malformed or degenerated cells under the specimen) 2- Mild (Zone limited under the specimen) 3- Moderate (Zone extends 5 to 10 mm beyond specimen) 4- Severe ( Zone extends greater than 10 mm beyond specimen) Since all the replicates showed that the reactivity rating is 2, it means that the zone is limited under the specimen. Based on the United States Pharmacopoeia 30-NF 25, 2007 <87> Biological Reactivity Test; the Inhibitory Activity Rating are classified as: (+++) complete; (++) partial; (+) slight, and (-) negative.CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary of Findings After the experimentation and the analysis of the data, the researchers led to the following findings: 1. The total mean zone of inhibition for the experimental group including Set-ups A, B and C is 10 millimeters. 2. The total mean zone of inhibition for Set-up D or the control set-up is 11. 71 millimeters. 3. All the set-ups includ ing experimental and control groups have a reactivity rating of 2, which means that the zone is limited under the specimen. . The inhibitory rating for the experimental group is complete (+++) which means that it inhibited all the staphylococcus aureus within the zone of inhibition while the control set-up has partial (++) for it does not resist the entry of all the staphylococcus aureus within the zone of inhibition. 5. For the Total Mean Zone of Inhibition, the obtained t- value, -2. 09 is greater than t- critical value, -2. 13 at 0. 01 level. This means that the null hypothesis must be rejected.This means that there is a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group. 6. For the Reactivity Rating, the obtained value is 0, this means that the null hypothesis must be accepted. This means that there is no significant difference between the experimental group and the control group. Conclusions 1. Pansit- pansitan liquid hand soap is somehow better than th e Commercial liquid hand soap in terms of total mean zone of inhibition and inhibitory activity and it is as good as the commercial liquid hand soap in terms of the Reactivity Rating. . There is a significant difference between the Pansit- pansitan liquid hand soap and commercial liquid hand soap in terms total mean zone of inhibition therefore the Pansit-pansitan liquid hand soap is somehow better than the commercial hand soap in terms of the said parameter. 3. There is no significant difference between the Pansit- pansitan liquid hand soap and commercial liquid hand soap in terms of reactivity rating therefore the two liquid hand soaps is as good with each other in terms of the said parameter. 4.There is a significant difference between the Pansit- pansitan liquid hand soap and commercial liquid hand soap in terms of inhibitory activity therefore the Pansit-pansitan liquid hand soap is somehow better than the commercial hand soap in terms of the said parameter. 5. The variation of the amount of Pansit-pansitan extract showed no significant difference since the data gathered from the laboratory analysis in terms of Total mean zone of inhibition and Reactivity rating are of the same values which is 2 and 10 mm respectively. Recommendations Based on the conclusions, the researchers led to the following recommendation: 1.Future researchers may consider other parameters aside from the total mean zone of inhibition, reactivity rating and inhibitory activity. 2. Try to consider other plants which can be found in the backyard . 3. Determine the shelf life of the home- made liquid hand soap so as the users will be aware of the expiration date. 4. The usage of other statistical methods of obtaining data such as surveys, which may in turn, help support the outcome of the whole study. The survey must be done without bias, and as much as possible with the least discrepancy, to make it authentic and credible. Appendix A COMPUTATIONS Table 7.Total Mean Zone of Inhibition ( Experimental Group) XE(mm)| XE (mm)| (XE-XE)2| 10| 10| 0| 10| 10| 0| 10| 10| 0| | | (XE-XE)2=0| Table 8. Total Mean Zone of Inhibition (Control Group) XC (mm)| XC (mm)| (XC-XC)2| 11. 71| 11. 71| 0| 11. 71| 11. 71| 0| 11. 71| 11. 71| 0| | | (XC-XC)2=0| SDE= (XE-XE)2N-1 SDE= 03-1 SDE=0 General Formula for t-test: t=XE-XCn1-1SDE2+(n2-1)SDC2nE+nC-21nE+1nC SDC= (XC-XC)2N-1 SDC=03-1 SDC=0 Since the t-computed value is greater that t-tabulated value which is -2. 13, we should reject the H0. Table 9. Reactivity Rating (Experimental Group) XE| XE| (XE-XE)2| 2| 2| 0| 2| 2| 0| 2| 2| 0| | | (XE-XE)2=0|Table 10. Reactivity Rating (Control Group) XC| XC| (XC-XC)2| 2| 2| 0| 2| 2| 0| 2| 2| 0| | | (XC-XC)2=0| SDE= (XE-XE)2N-1 SDE= 03-1 SDE=0 SDC= (XC-XC)2N-1 SDC=03-1 SDC=0 t=XE-XCn1-1SDE2+(n2-1)SDC2nE+nC-21nE+1nC t=2-23-1(0)2+(3-1)(0)23+3-213+13 t=02+24(0. 81649658) t=0(0. 81649658) t= 0 Since the t-computed value is equal to zero, it shows that there is no significant difference between the reactiv ity of experimental and control group. Table 11. Inhibitory Activity | A| B| C| Experimental| +++| +++| +++| Control| ++| ++| ++| Modal is the statistical treatment to be used in the inhibitory activity of the Set-ups.The data is nominal, therefore the most suitable test for it is modal. Modal is the class that has the highest value. Based on observation, the Experimental Set-ups A, B, & C have the highest rating, +++ which means that the inhibitory activity is complete. In connection to the results, there is a significant difference between the Experimental Set-ups and the Control Set-ups. Appendix B (Photos of the Experimental Procedures) Figure 2. The image shows how the researchers pounded the Pansit- pansitan plant using the mortar and pestle Figure 3. The image shows how the extract from the Pansit- pansitan plant was filter Figure 4.The image shows the residue of the Pansit- pansitan plant after the filtration Figure 5. The photo shows the manual mixing of the Pansit- pan sitan extract and other components of liquid hand soap Figure 6. The photo shows the actual measurement of the gel solution Figure 7. The above photo shows the disc diffusion method done by the DOST laboratory Appendix C (Laboratory Results) BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www. academicjournals. org/AJB Life Sciences and Medicine Research, Volume 2010: LSMR- â€Å"Isolation and Bioactivity of a Xanthone Glycoside from Peperomia pellucida† , (January 21, 2012, 3:10 pm) â€Å"The Dirt on Clean: Antibacterial Soap v.Regular Soap†. CBC. ca. Retrieved 2011-03-30; ^  Lucet, JC; Rigaud MP, Mentre F, Kassis N, Deblangy C, Andremont A, Bouvet E (April 2002). â€Å"Hand contamination before and after different hand hygiene techniques: a randomized clinical trial†. Journal of Hospital Infection  50  (4): 276–280. doi:10. 1053/jhin. 2002. 1202. PMID  12014900. ^  Gibson, LL; Rose JB, Haas CN, Gerba CP, Rusin PA (May 2002). â€Å"Quantitative assessment of risk reducti on from hand washing with antibacterial soaps†. Journal of Applied Microbiology  92: 136S–143S. doi:10. 1046/j. 1365-2672. 92. 5s1. 17. x. PMID  12000622: Retrieved 2012-01-21, 3:40 pm. ttp://www. medicalhealthguide. com/articles/pansitpansitan. htm. www. medicalhealthguide. com , (January 21, 2012, 3:25 pm) http://www. statsoft. com/textbook/basic-statistics/#t-test for independent samples . Retrieved 2012-02-27, 9:00 pm. http://www. staff. vu. edu. au/mcaonline/units/statistics/statistics. html Retrieved 2012-02-27, 9:20 pm. Contact Persons * Department of Science and Technology (Standards and Testing Division) Mr. Marlon SA. Aguinaldo- Tel no. 837-20-71 to 82 local 2188, 2189 * Swiss Fragrance- Tel no. 927-59-74 * Ferissa B. Ablola- Tel no. 472-43-30

Ww1 Essay Topics Secrets That No One Else Knows About

Ww1 Essay Topics Secrets That No One Else Knows About Observe the present research and establish the blanks you may fill with your essay. Personal colleges are far better than state colleges. All students ought to have a year studying abroad. We realize the urgency of your need that is the reason we make certain your paper is delivered in time. The Argument About Ww1 Essay Topics Each country wanted to have the best power over every nation and believed that everything needs to be done the way that they do it. The Germans also wished to get a big navy and began to create Dreadnaughts. People were told that if you happen to vote yes it's your fault they die but also that should you vote yes the nation won't be taken over and you could save Australia from the enemy. It usually means that some men and women cover the death of others without having the ability to refuse from it. As it can be viewed, the explanations for why the US chose to join the war were significant. It's an armistice for 20 decades. The so known as the missionary diplomacy failed in this manner. Weigh in on your general opinion about trench warfare for a strategy. Ww1 Essay Topics Fundamentals Explained At the very start of WW1, Woodrow Wilson, who was the President of the USA at the moment, declared his nation's neutrality in the War, supported by the bulk of the American men and women. Abortion ought to be considered illegal. Nationalism is the fifth reason for the war. It is often referred to as the love of one's country. Ww1 Essay Topics - the Story When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most crucial matter to do is to select a topic and an argument which you can really get behind. A great topic is among the absolute most essential things in a winning essay. Thus, the very first thing you must do is research the papers already written on the matter. Writing about something you're interested in will make the entire process easier because you are going to be in a position to motivate yourself to do the job. Or, a couple sources might be listed at the close of the essay. The ideal topic for you is the one which you love. This isn't an instance of the work generated by our essay writing service. Some people today live their lives in accordance with their religion even though others don't think you should factor that into decision making in regards to determining rules for everybody. Everyone can grow to be a millionaire. Together with the sources for the war, the `isms' and the alliance system, many folks also have placed the blame on various nations in Europe. Along with the causes of the war, the isms' and the alliance system, they have also placed the blame on different countries in Europe. New wars were formed and because of this we are still addressing war today. There are several different reasons for the start of the war but the 3 principal elements contributing to the beginning of the war were Imperialism, Nationalism and alliances, since they were all 3 huge, linking issues that every country were doing. There was great suspicion between them both. The main reason for several of the tension inside this region is mostly on account of the interest from major European powers. Facts, finally, will always win out against how folks are feeling at a specific moment. Residents will know where to go to discover the information they require and will feel as they are a part of something as opposed to just that guy at the close of the street. School holidays must be twice as long. Famous people set a terrible example for kids. Top Ww1 Essay Topics Secrets The fast food business is liable for obesity. America would remain neutral except if it had a wonderful advant age to the country for a whole like to earn money. Fast food ought to be banned in schools. It should be taxed. With the aid of several keywords that you provide, they can bring in a list of topics which will be quite distinctive and interesting. Language ought never to be permitted to change. Try out a few of these topics. There are invariably a wide variety of opinions on the topic of technology, and here are our favourite things to consider on the subject. To get essay online, you merely will need to fill in the application form and you'll get superior work on the desired topic. At times, it is a good concept to resort to special essay topic generators which are available on the web. If you must compose a WWI topic all on your own and feel that you're quite short of ideas, you should make the most of ready suggestions which are available on the net and among ready projects, which are stored in libraries. A naval arms race followed between both countries. The efforts to make sure the pact work failed. The squabbling over parts of land caused rising tensions between both nations. This resulted in a worldwide competition for land. The Good, the Bad and Ww1 Essay Topics People in the united states are the happiest on earth. Imperialism was another reason for the Great War. World War 1 was a b ig War that greatly impacted the planet, it lead to massive adjustments and several losses. These four causes are the principal reason the First World War started in the very first spot.

Questions On Ethics And Ethics - 908 Words

Ethics basically deals with what is right versus what is wrong. As human beings we face the task of making ethical decisions every day. Some decisions are easier than others to make; however, it is important to make the right decision because every decision has consequences good or bad. The bible tells us in Proverbs 21:2-3 that, â€Å"Every way of a man is right in his own eyes, but the Lord weighs the hearts. To do righteousness and justice is more acceptable to the Lord than sacrifice† (NIV). Our individual ethical beliefs affects how we behave and treat one another. When we are in a setting in which decisions are made by more than one person, our individual ethical beliefs and greed can have a big impact on the decisions that we make as a group. According to Rae, â€Å"Ethics are important because they give direction to people and societies who have some sense that they cannot flourish without being moral† (2009). In this paper I will discuss the importance o f ethics in the following fields: business, medicine, and politics. While these three fields have some common ground, they also have separate ethical guidelines. In recent years the business field has been hit the hardest with new ethical guidelines. When it comes to business the bible clearly tells us that were are to be honest in all of our business dealings and that we are not to allow money to corrupt us. Ethical standards are important in all businesses because they can help serve as a check and balance. TheyShow MoreRelatedQuestions On Ethics And Ethics930 Words   |  4 PagesIssue â€Å"It might be impossible for Harvard to teach ethics,† was what Chuck Colson, a former lawyer, a politician and devout Christian, noted after discovering reports on one of the school’s ethics classes. A businessman who had taken an ethics class at Harvard University, described it as â€Å"practical pointers.† However, Mr. Colson argued, in an article, that Harvard’s philosophical relativism makes it impossible for them to teach â€Å"real ethics.† Upon discovering this article, Harvard Business schoolRead MoreQuestions On Ethics And Ethics Essay1454 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction to Ethics Paper 2 Hamza Ennouri Group 2 Mediterranean School of Business 04/29/2016 15-246-0204 â€Æ' Introduction to Ethics: Paper 2 Ethics, which is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending and recommending concepts of the right and wrong conduct, investigates the questions What is the best way for people to live and What actions are right or wrong in particular Circumstances.† There are different theories of ethics such as metha-physics, normative-ethics and appliedRead MoreThe Question Of Ethics And Ethics1394 Words   |  6 PagesWhat exactly does the term â€Å"ethics† mean? When asking this question among several different groups of people, I’m sure all of their answers would be different in many ways, but would all draw the general theme that ethics is somewhat of a study of what is right and what is wrong. This is a mostly correct conclusion, except for the fact that it encompasses not only determining what is right and wrong, but attempting to systemize and defend those ethical positions which one holds. Almost all of theRead MoreQuestions On Ethics And Ethics Essay770 Words   |  4 PagesEthic in Negotiation The dictionary definition of ethics is: a system of moral principles or values; the rules or standards governing the conduct of the members of a profession; accepted principles of right or wrong. Ethics create the means of doing what is right, fair and honest. 1 According to Mark Pastin, an ethics thought leader and ethics consultant, â€Å"You need to recognize the interests involved in an ethical situation and know how to navigate them†. He also imply, in order to create a visionRead MoreQuestions On Ethics And Ethics Essay800 Words   |  4 Pages 1.8.1 Ethics Practices Ethics or ethical practices are pertaining to or dealing with morals or the principles of morality. 1.8.2 Unethical practices Lacking moral principles or unwilling to adhere to proper rules of conduct. 1.8.3 Forms of Unethical Practices 1.8.3.1 Bribery According Black s Law Dictionary, bribery is the offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting of any item of value to influence the actions of an official or other person in charge of a public or legal duty. 1.8.3.2 CorruptionRead MoreQuestions On Ethics And Ethics1410 Words   |  6 PagesAngela Kopec 02/26/2017 Ethics Paper In tax practice, the ethics environment in which professionals operate is complex. The Treasury Circular 230 governs federal tax practice standards. However, a multitude of standards and ethics rules also apply to a member’s tax practice including the AICPA’s Statements on Standards for Tax Services (SSTSs). The Circular 230 and the SSTSs contain similar content but are different content in some aspects. The lack of cross reference between the Circular 230 andRead MoreQuestions On Business Ethics And Ethics2226 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction to Business Ethics What Is Ethics? To understand business ethics one must first understand that there is no general definition used to define this ethics related topic. Ethics related topics usually include terms such as morals, principles, ethics and values, which are, in most cases, used interchangeably. However, Asgary and Mitschow (2002) defines ethics as the study of appropriate policies and practices regarding possible controversial issues while offering recommendations forRead MoreEthics And The Ethics Based Questions938 Words   |  4 Pageswhile extreme, presents us with a myriad of different ethical dilemmas involving the respect for life. Although we may not face this kind of grave situation on a daily basis the lessons we can learn from this case study can be applied to the ethics based questions we do encounter in everyday life. By examining the choices and intentions of each of the involved individuals we are able to see the application of different arguments and points of view. While the parties in volved differ greatly in theirRead MoreQuestion Questions On Business Ethics1305 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion 1- Business Ethics Issue- A Company has developed a new drug which contains small side effects. They have conducted many experiments on this drug and formed a report to keep confidential. The board of directors results that they will continue to market the drug and keep the information within the company, as it will increase profits significantly. Is this ethical behaviour for the company? Rule- Common law tells us that as the directors of the company it is in their duty to act in goodRead MoreEthics, Ethics And Morals Of The User Into Question3486 Words   |  14 PagesINTRODUCTION Morals and ethics question us in everyday life. We are constantly facing new dilemmas that put us in difficult situations; and thinking of them in depth will make us question our loyalty towards a particular matter. Graphic Designers face those obligations relatively more than other people. The nature of their job is to create pieces of work, and these may be those that as an individual, they do not solely agree with but have an obligation to complete it in order to keep the client

Canadian Government The Canadian Economy - 1195 Words

Over the years the Canadian government continuously tries to create multiple ways to help progress the economy. Currently the government is doing a poor job improving the economy, however, it has potential to positively develop in the future. The Canadian government is negatively influencing the economy due to the decrease in value of the Canadian dollar, lack of regulation on policies, and the current position of the business cycle in Canada. However, the Canadian government demonstrates potential improvements in the economy through the creation of job opportunities and decrease in governmental expenditure methods. The value of the Canadian dollar demonstrates how well the Canadian economy is doing compared to other countries. Likewise, in chapter three of Dinner Party Economics it is states that â€Å"money measures the standard of living† (19). The Canadian dollar either increases or decreases in value depending on the amount of goods and services purchased. Currently the Canadian dollar has dropped, which demonstrates how the Canadian government is doing a poor job improving the economy. The value of the Canadian dollar dropping causes inflation to occur, making too many Canadians save their money opposed to spending it. In chapter six it mentions that inflation is the real enemy of money (62). Therefore, in order to decrease inflation, spending money is essential. If Canadians do not spend their money, the increase of prices on goods and services will cause unemploymentShow MoreRelatedThe Economic Benefits Of Every Nation Impacts The Quality Of Life1280 Words   |  6 Pagesbenefits of every nation impacts the quality of life for each individual in a society. A strong economy is important as it enhances standards of living and pushes humanity forward with a great success, enabling a better future all. Generally, economic growth is the most essential for a strong economy. Fortunately, Canada’s economy grew excessively in the past years and to this day is one of the best economies in the world. In the past, Canada was facing a large economic recession as it struggled to recoverRead MoreCanadas Homefront During WWI795 Words   |  4 Pagestoll on Canadians. The soldiers in the fields were forever changed by the war but they weren’t the only ones who were changed. World War 1 had a significant impact on Canada’s homefront. The impact of the Great War on Canadian civilians can be easily seen through the increased rate and level of discrimination, growth of Canadian economy and the independence of women. The discrimination suffered by the â€Å"ethnic Canadians† increased during the war was inflicted by both society and the government. An exampleRead MoreThe World War One Of The United States1692 Words   |  7 Pagesin 1917, was the first grand victory of Canadian forces. The Canadian Corps, under Lieutenant-General Julian Byng, had trained and independently overcome the Germans. It was clear that â€Å"[the battle of Vimy Ridge] was a stunning victory. The Canadians had gained more ground, taken more prisoners, and captured more artillery than any previous British offensive in the entire war.† (pg. 38, Counterpoints: Exploring Canadian Issues) This victory gave Canadians on the field and at home a sense of prideRead MoreRole Of The Standard Employment Relationship1496 Words   |  6 PagesThe role of the Standard Employment Relationship in the Canadian economy has been trending towards more of a non-standard form of employment. As discussed by Harsha Walia in his t ext, in Canadian history and in the present, labourers who came to Canada because of programs such as the Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program (SAWP), have received inadequate social benefits, social wages and have been exploited merely because of their temporary worker status. Neoliberal policy shifts are the reason immigrantsRead MoreThe Causes of Canadas Great Depression of 1929-1939 Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pagesthin men in threadbare suits and worn-out shoes selling five-cent apples on city streets, of â€Å"grim-faced women lined up three deep to collect bread and milk at relief stations.†# The Great Depression of the 1930s was a devastating time toward many Canadians, where the collapse of the stock market was the beginning of the Depression, a period of severe economic and social hardship, massive unemployment, and terrible suffering.# The main causes of the Great Depression in Canada were overproduction, Canada’sRead MoreShould Iceland Adopt Canadian Dollar ?1387 Words   |  6 PagesEcon 345 Assignment 2 Topic: Should Iceland adopt Canadian Dollar? Student number: 301238117 Student Name: Shuk Man Chan The Abstract Iceland is now having financial crisis because of its unhealthy banking system and monetary policies. Its currency becomes an unwanted dollar due to its fluctuating exchange rate. To regain the confident and rebuild its financial system, a sound currency is crucial. Canada, one of the strongest economies in OECD, has a healthy banking system and conservativeRead More Canada in the Global Economy Essay1436 Words   |  6 PagesCanada in the Global Economy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over the past few years, Canadas economy has done comparatively well and has demonstrated some resilience to the fluctuating global economy. However, Canada remains to be relatively less competitive with respect to other developed countries. In this paper I will attempt to take a closer look at Canadas position in the global economy today and examine the relevant issues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Competition is an important driver of innovation and productivity growth. LookingRead MoreKarl Marx And Adam Smith Essay1639 Words   |  7 PagesPresence of the Theories of Karl Marx Adam Smith Within the Canadian Economy Written by: Jason Kothary, Zach Shafi, Sam Girma Kevin Sallaku Research: Ryan Salehi, Zack Izzeddin, David Moffett, Cameron Bernardo, Harrison Toms, Taha Mahmood, Anthony Alexiou, Jason Kothary, Zach Shafi, Sam Girma Kevin Sallaku Canada’s economy is one that exhibits a multitude of characteristics that adhere to the capitalist and socialist constructs of a mixed system. In order to clearly define and analyze theRead MoreCanada s Relationship With China1565 Words   |  7 Pagesand suggesting the Canadian government implement strategies to engage China. Recently Hon. Navdeep Bains signed a joint declaration on Clean Technology Cooperation while Hon. Chrystia Freeland already met with China’s minister of commerce to begin developing a trade affiliation. Prime Minster Justin Trudeau has also shown genuine interest in building a cohesive economic, political, and cultural relationship with China. With the world’s largest population, second largest economy, and largest car salesRead MoreStrategies For Relieving The National Debt1041 Words   |  5 PagesThe Canadian government has many different strategies to relieving the national debt while being able to sustain the stability of the economy and its many markets. These different strategies include the government selling debts to the banks, wage and price increases, and fiscal and monetary policies. These policies are briefly mentioned and outlined in Chapter Eleven: Policy Matters. (DPE, 145,147) One strategy the government uses is selling their debts to other parties, usually the banks. It is

Brave New World Essay Free Essays

BNW Rough Draft Morally, the novel: Brave New World by Aldous Huxley is not acceptable to me. The plot, suggestive actions, and even the overall standards in the book do not appeal to me as a reader. One example that demonstrates my dislike for the book, Brave New World, is on (pg 19-20): â€Å"’Bokanovsky’s Process,’ †¦ One egg, one embryo, one adult – normality. We will write a custom essay sample on Brave New World Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¦ A Bokanovskified egg will bud, will proliferate, will divide. † This instance from chapter one, personally as a reader, makes me dislike the book. I personally don’t like reading about scientific facts; and/or uncanny extraterrestrial-like customs. I think it is just, very plainly, odd. A second reason that shows my dislike for Brave New World is on (pg 88): â€Å"Swallowing †¦ that second dose of soma had raised a quite impenetrable wall between the actual universe and their minds. † This case from Chapter 5 [part 1] is a huge reason why I do not like this particular novel. Soma is a reference to a perfect drug. Supposedly, there is nothing wrong with it at all, and it makes you completely happy; leaving behind no negative effects whatsoever. I think this is a very bad idea to put into a book due to today’s society of teenagers. Due to the already very enormous number of kids who use drugs, they might become influenced and argue that the characters in BNW can take Soma and not be affected. So then this leaves them to rationalizing that maybe everything will be perfectly satisfactory after consuming a certain drug in the real world. My last instance that shows my disapproval for BNW is how the word ‘Pneumatic’ is used especially by Henry Foster and Benito Hoover to describe what it’s like to have sex with Lenina. She herself remarks that her lovers usually find her â€Å"pneumatic,† patting her legs as she does so. In reference to Lenina it means well-rounded, balloon-like, or bouncy, in reference to her flesh, and in particular her bosom. And the use of this odd word to describe the physical characteristics of both a woman and a piece of furniture underscores the novel’s theme that human sexuality has been degraded to the level of a commodity. Personally, I dislike the very thought that the novel basically revolves around drugs and sex, and being a Junior in High School currently, I don’t really appreciate reading such material. Weird material as such often revolts the attention of the youth. In deduction, the overall content, plot, characters, and drug references make me, as a reader, ill-fated. I personally don’t like the overall message/theme in which it presents either which is that human sexuality has been degraded to the level of a commodity. I just don’t think this is suitable reading material for people like me who are in High School. Let alone, I’m just not that interested in a book with topics like so. How to cite Brave New World Essay, Essay examples Brave New World Essay Free Essays Brave New World Essay In Aldous Huxley’s novel, Brave New World, the citizens of the World State are bred into specific caste systems. These consist of Alphas, Betas, Gammas, Deltas, and Epsilons. The different caste systems differ from each other in many ways, and have multiple purposes. We will write a custom essay sample on Brave New World Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many differences between the different groups in the caste system. Alphas are the most intelligent of them all. They wear the color grey, and are the tallest and most good looking. While developing inside the faux womb, they were given the most oxygen. They usually work as wardens, psychologists (Bernard), Director of hatcheries, and all World Controllers are Alphas. Betas are a little less intelligent then Alphas, but still higher in the caste system. They wear mulberry colored clothing and there jobs consist of mechanics and nurses. Alphas and Betas usually associate with each other. Gammas, Deltas, and Epsilons are in the lower half of the cast system. Gammas wear the color green. They are usually butlers and other jobs that do not consist of much thinking. Deltas wear khaki, and usually are helicopter attendants. The are mass produced and have no individuality. â€Å"Bokanovsky’s Process is one of the major instruments of social stability! † (Huxley, 7). This being said means the the World State does not think individuality is important. Epsilons are on the verge of being morons. They wear black, and received the least amount of oxygen in the womb. They are very stupid and usually press elevator buttons. The purpose of this cast system is that people will be happy with their jobs. An example is that an Alpha would have a job in the medical field, and an Epsilon would have a job pressing buttons. â€Å"Every one works for every one else. We can’t do without any one. Even Epsilons are useful. We couldn’t do without Epsilons. â€Å"(Huxley, 60). You need every caste system to maintain ‘the perfect World State’. I personally do not think that they reflect an aspect of our society today. I think it is just a consequence of the society of the World State. In the end, everyone needs everyone. The Alphas and Betas could not survive with out the Gammas, Deltas, and Epsilons, and vice versa. How to cite Brave New World Essay, Essay examples

Business sustainability performance cost of capital †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about theBusiness sustainability performance and cost of equity capital. Answer: Introduction With the changes in economic and complex business structure, each and every organization has been using financial analysis tools to evaluate the financial performance, availability of the sources of finance and use of capital budgeting tools. In this report, Petronas Gas Berhad Company has been taken into consideration. This is the natural gas distribution company which has been running its business on a domestic and international level. This report has been prepared to evaluate the objective of Petronas Gas Berhad Company related to wealth maximization and source of external finance available for the company. In addition to this, weighted average cost of capital and other capital budgeting technique has also been used to evaluate the available project for the company. This report emphasizes upon the financial analysis for the effective welfare of stakeholders, raise funds from the external sources and evaluating the same by using a weighted average cost of capital. Brief description of company The Petronas Gas Berhad Company is natural gas distribution company headquartered in Malaysia. It has several subsidiaries- Kimanis power sdn. Bhd. It was incorporated in 1983 and was listed on the main market of Bursa Malaysia security stock exchange. This company has the strong brand image in market. Initially the company was wholly owned subsidiary of Petronas and the biggest oil selling company in Malaysia. The company is performing well in the oil and petroleum industry. However, the sales revenue of the company has increased to MYR 4.58 billion in 2016 which is 5% higher than the last four year data. The gross income of the company has also increased to MYR 2.07Billion in 2016. This amount reflects that company has been performing well in the market and increasing the return on capital employed. Group structure of Petronas Gas Berhad Compan It is a listed company in which CEO and managers take all the important decisions of the organization. It is observed that company has been following decentralized business functioning in which all the decisions are taken by the process manager and line mangers (Hrisch, Freeman and Schaltegger, 2014). Stakeholders wealth maximization Shareholders are the key promoters and owners of company who provide capital to the company. There are several stakeholders of the company such as employees, shareholders, management, staff members, suppliers, and vendors and government who may influence or get influenced by the activities of an organization. It is evaluated that the company are providing high amount of return to its shareholders with the increase in its earning. However, strategic alliances with the suppliers are also increasing the revenue returns (Baker and Wurgler, 2015). Importance of wealth maximization It is observed that shareholders are the key investors of the company. It is evaluated that if a company does not offer the proper return to shareholder then the brand image of company and efficiency to raise funds from the market wil be effected. There are several ways to establish wealth maximization of shareholders such as setting profit based dividend policy, issue of bonus and other incentive plans. The importance of wealth maximization is related to creating value of the invested capital of the shareholders for their long-term benefits. If this wealth maximization process is not undertaken then it may destruct the value of the shareholders (Hrisch, Freeman and Schaltegger, 2014). Risk minimization model The risk model is implemented to minimize the risk associated with the business of the company. It helps in mitigating the financial and business risk in determined approach. The standard risk model is implemented to identify the risk, develop an action plan and implement proper business activities to mitigate the issues. It also helps in identification of the best course of action which company could take to increase the overall outcomes (Denis, 2016). Analysis of Stakeholders model The wealth maximization of the stakeholders is highly dependent upon the nexus established by the management department for the organizational development and company's welfare. The company has issued bonus shares, contribution in employees provident funds and adequate dip points to suppliers and vendors. In the recent years the company has increased its dividend payment amount to its shareholders with the increase in its profit. It reflects that company adopted profit based dividend policy (Mitchell, et al., 2016). Importance of stakeholders The main important thing about the stakeholders is related to the contributed capital of a company. It is observed that there is several importance of stakeholders (Tantalo and Priem, 2016). Established proper nexus between company's developments with the stakeholder's development. Use of capital to expand the business. Formulation of clients oriented policies and frameworks. Local support and new business functioning. Problems of reconciling the two models This business model reflects that these two models have different objects and approaches. It is observed that if these models are reconciled together then it may destruct the existing business operations of the company. It is evaluated that the company needs to evaluate whether the existing business functions has been offering best results to stakeholders and also complying with the fundamental perspectives. The below-given chart reflects how the stakeholder's models could be reconciled with the risk events of the company. It may increase the overall quality of the business but also reduce the risk of the company. Source: (Kacperczyk, et al., 2015) Sources of finance available There are several sources of finance available to such as an issue of equity shares, debentures, applying for loans in banks and securitization of assets with the assets securitization company (Schwarzmller, et al. 2017). Equity shares- the company could issue share through an initial public offer and further public offer. It is observed that company could opt this option if by raising funds from equity shares holders gives more return on capital employed. However, the cost of the equity covers all the expenses incurred to issues of shares in market and return and dividend given to shareholders. Debentures- It is observed that debentures could be defined as bonds and documents offer by the the company to investors for their capital. It has fixed interest payment which is charged on the profit. If a company fails to pay this interest amount to debenture holders then it may result to wind up or dissolution of a company (Cox and Nguyen, 2018). Securitisation- It is the process which could be used by the company to covert its long-term assets into liquid assets. For instance, company could sales it's fixed assets and machines to other companies for the temporary basis and take finance from them (West and Bogers, 2014). Banks loans- It is observed that the company has strong brand image in the market. It could raise capital from the banks and financial institutions after applying for loans. However, banks may charge high interest from the company which results to increase the cost of capital of the company (Rostamkalaei and Freel, 2016). Distinguished for the Petronas Gas Berhad Company It is observed that the company is listed company and having a strong brand image. After evaluating all the details and information regarding the company, it is inferred that the company should raise funds from different sources of methods. For instance, 60% capital could be raised by issue of equity shares in the market. The issues of equity shares have zero financial leverage nor does company pay fixed amount to shareholders. On the other hand, issues of debentures may increase the financial leverage and the interest payment is the charge on the profit. It may decrease the value of the investment and put negative impact on the business functioning of an organization if a company fails to have adequate gearing ratio. However, in case, if a company is having strong profitability then the company could opt for the issues of debentures in a market. This option not only decreases the cost of capital but also increase the financial leverage of company (Cuevas?Rodrguez, Cabello?Medina and Carmona?Lavado, 2014). Possible consideration was undertaken by management These above-given sources of finance are opted by the company for raising funds on the basis of cost associated with the business and return on capital employed. Company could use proper analysis tools such as capital budgeting tools, net present value methods, cash flow methods to determine whether the particular source of finance would increase the net present value of investment of company (Queen, 2015). Cost of the capital- It is amount of total money which is required to be paid by company to the persons who have deployed their capital in the business of the company. However, it includes the cost of equity, debentures and the bank loan financial risk- It is the risk which reflects companys sustainability and business risk. It is observed that if company is having low profitability then it will have high financial risk and vice-versa. This risk is also known financial leverage which may put company in danger for its sustainable business (Kacperczyk Beckman and Moliterno, 2015). It is observed that raising funds from market may be complicated for the company. It is analyzed that company could select the particular source of funding. The selecting of particular source of funds depends upon the two important factors such as financial leverage and cost of capital. After evaluating the annual report of the company, it is analysed that company is having low financial leverage. The total assets of the company are MYR 16554 million in 2017. The total liability of the company is MYR 4587 million in 2017. On the other hand, the profitability of company is also very high and increased its profit by 22% since last two years. The net profit of company is MYR 1739 million in 2017 (Ng, and Rezaee, 2015). This data reflects that the company has very low financial leverage in the market. It is observed that company should raise more funds from the market by using debt funding process. It will help company to reduce the overall cost of capital and increase the return on capi tal employed of company. There are main two advantages of raising funds from the market first is related to the low cost of capital and another is related to decrease in the financial leverage of the company. Therefore, it could be inferred that the company could use debt funding to raise funds from the market (Montmartin, and Herrera, 2015). Now, in the end, it could be inferred that company could raise funds from the market by issue of debentures in market. It will reduce the overall cost of the capital and increase the overall return on capital employed of company. The management of the company needs to evaluate whether the issue of debts in market would be expensive for the organization or not. It will also reduce the overall cost of capital and create value of the investment (Frank, and Shen, T., 2016). Discussion of weighted average cost of capital and computation of the same It is the amount of overall cost of capital which pays to its internal and external factors. This weighted average cost of capital assist organizations to determine whether the particular project should be accepted or not. If the return on capital employed is positive then management of the company could accept that project and vice-versa. The weighted average cost of capital could be computed as below. Cost of equity (calculated through CAPM) = This is the amount cost which is computed by following capital assets pricing model. Cost of Debt = 3% Interest payment= MYR 103 Million Total liabilities= 3548 Cost of debt before deducting tax benefits= Computation of the cost of debt Interest payment 103 Debt 3548 Interest rate 3% Cost of debt 2.03% Cost of debt after deducting the tax= 2.03% Computation of the cost of equity The cost of equity is the amount of return paid to equity shareholders. However, cost of equity is determined on the basis of using proper CAPM model (Krger, Landier and Thesmar, 2015). Computation of the cost of equity RF 4% RM 10% Beta 0.99 CAPM (Re) 9.9400% WACC = Cost of debt (interest rate after tax) + cost of equity WACC Capital Amount Cost of capital % of portion WACC Equity 11967 9.94% 77.1318% 7.67% Debt 3548 2.03% 22.87% 0.46% Total capital 15515 WACC 8.13% After evaluating all the details from the annual report of company such as total debt amount, equity share portion and interest payment, the WACC of the company has been computed as above. The weighted average cost of capital of company is 8.13%. (Petronas Gas Berhad Company, 2016). Implication of higher weighted average cost of capital on the investment decision It is observed that the weighted average cost of capital is the total amount of cost of capital which company requires paying to internal external investors for the use of their capital in organization. The implication of higher WACC on the investment decision would be negative on the business. If company has low WACC then it could easily accept any project. In case, the company has higher WACC then the return on capital employed would be low. Therefore, lower WACC reflects the positive indication to the company as it could easily accept any project (Dagher, 2016). The main problem which may arise while computing weighted average cost of capital in general firms The main problem which arises in computing the WACC is related to identifying the right beta of company, risk-free rate of return and tax deduction available on the interest expenses. Beta- It reflects the risk of company based on the marketing factors. However, it could be computed on the basis of the share price of company and market capitalization. It becomes cumbersome to compute in case when there are high differences between share price fluctuation and share price of all ordinary indexes Risk free rate of return- It is hard to determine which risk free rate of return should be chosen to compute the cost of equity in the absence of proper information. It may also deviate the results of calculation. Tax deduction- It is evaluated that in case of international transactions, company may face problem while determining the tax-deductible expenses. Therefore, it may create problem while computing the cost of debt of company (Ortiz-Molina and Phillips, 2014). Problem which may arise while computing weighted average cost of capital It is observed that the company has two types of capital such as debt capital and equity capital. It is evaluated that in order to compute the cost of equity of company, the company could use capital assets pricing model. The main difficulty which may arise could be related to identifying the right beta, Risk-free rate of return and the market premium of company. The trade-off theory of capital structure The the company is having good amount equity capital which reflects that company should establish the proper capital structure. It is observed that company is managing debt portion of 22% and 68% equity portion. It is observed that the company may have to face high financial cost due to high equity portion and less debt portion. The Company needs to increase the overall its deb portion in its business. It will not only reduce the overall cost of capital but also increase the financial leverage of company ( Birn, 2017). Recommendations After evaluating the annual report and other details of company, it is inferred that The the company is having low financial leverage but a high cost of capital. In addition to this, company is also having good profitability in its business. Therefore, company should increase the debt to equity portion by increasing the overall debt funding in business. Particular (MYR in Million) Capital Amount Equity 11967 Debt 3548 Total capital 15515 The total capital of company is MYR million 15515 which is accompanied by the 78% equity portion and 22% debt portion. It has increased its revenue by 22% in 2017 as compared to last four years data. Therefore, company should also increase its debt portion to reduce the overall cost of capital. The existing capital structure of company is managing debt portion of 22% and 68% equity portion which reflects low financial leverage and high cost of capital. the company should be more inclined towards increasing the debt portion and increasing the return on capital employed. The gearing ratio of the company is 10% which is very low and clearly indicates that company could charge more interest amount on its profit (Wang. et al. 2015). Conclusion The capital structure of the company is accompanied by the debt and equity portion. The company has strong brand image and high profitability in its business. The company should be less worried about the financial leverage and market risk. After analyzing the financial details, it could be inferred that company has moderate cost of capital and has increased its return on capital employed throughout the time. Nonetheless, the debt portion should be increased to 30% to keep the balance between risk and cost of capital. 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Nestle Marketing Research Project free essay sample

The main aim of Nestle is to reach every single Pakistani. Nestle currently launched a new flavored juice in Pakistan that is Nestle Guvava in 2008. The profit and net profit margins remained stable. Overall profit margin showed a slight increase but a slight decline in gross profit margin was witnessed. Problem Statement â€Å"To know the reason of decline in sales of Nestle orange juice† Sales Growth Nestle orange juice has been a flagship brand of Nestle juices since years. However, their sales declined to -1 % as compared to last year. Last year growth in sales As per the meeting with the Brand manager juices, we got an insight about customer attitude, competitors, product development etc. †¢ Total contribution of orange juice is 20% to revenue in the juices category; however the overall market share of juices is 60%. Customer Attitudes The main concern that the consumer’s of Nestle Orange juices have regarding the juice is related to the purity of the juice. We will write a custom essay sample on Nestle Marketing Research Project or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the web we found out who are the competitors of nestle in its juices line and more precisely in its orange juice. Literature search revealed that a few of our major competitors are: †¢ Shezan All pure †¢ Haleeb Good Day †¢ Minute Maid Minute Maid One of the leading competitors of Nestle juice is Minute Maid launched by Coca Cola. Sales of still beverages, such as Powerade and Minute Maid fruit juices, jumped 14 percent by volume, far outpacing a four percent rise by sparkling beverages, such as Coke and Sprite. Haleeb Good Day Haleeb Good Day offers 100% pure orange juices without any added sugar, flavors or preservatives. Haleeb Good Day orange juice gives the consumers the absolute delight in taste, and revitalizes them at the same time. It is packed in a 6-layered Tetra Pack Brick Aseptic packaging. Shezan All Pure Shezan All Pure juices enrich our senses with the fresh taste of 100% pure orange juice. A sip of All Pure helps our taste buds embark on a magical journey filled with the sweetest fruit sensations. The data that was found helpful regarding Shezan is as follows: Food Personal Care-Product